Madrassah Education in the Indian Subcontinent
Policy Constructs and Social Worlds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20377/rpb-1933Schlagworte:
Madrassah, Islamic Education, Indischer Subkontinent (India, Pakistan Bangladesh), Curriculare Reform, Asiatisches Denken, soziale Welt des Islam, Glaube als Ressource für Resilienz, SelbstreformAbstract
Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der islamischen Bildung, die durch die Madrassas in Indien, Pakistan und Bangladesch vermittelt wird. Er gibt einen Überblick über die vorhandenen Studien zur Madrassa-Bildung auf dem indischen Subkontinent, um die übermäßige Konzentration der politischen Rahmenbedingungen auf die Modernisierung der Madrassa, insbesondere die Reform der Lehrpläne, hervorzuheben. Es wird argumentiert, dass dieser staatlich gesteuerte politische Ansatz, der auf Madrassas als reformbedürftige Institutionen abzielt, auf die wahrgenommene Verbindung zwischen unreformierten Madrassas und Radikalisierung zurückzuführen ist, eine Verbindung, die im öffentlichen Diskurs weithin akzeptiert wurde. Dieses Verständnis verstellt oft den Blick auf die Praxis, in der Madrassahs eine Reihe von glaubensbasierten Ressourcen produzieren. In diesem Prozess wird die Gemeinschaft der Gläubigen mit Widerstandsfähigkeit und Navigationskapazitäten ausgestattet, um zu überleben und Störungen zu überwinden, die auf die alltägliche Prekarität, Gelegenheitsarbeit im informellen Sektor und Katastrophen zurückzuführen sind. Darüber hinaus haben die Madrassas als sich entwickelnde Gemeinschaftsinstitutionen eine lange Geschichte von selbst initiierten Reformen außerhalb staatlicher Interventionen. Durch die Untersuchung der Überschneidungen zwischen den Madrassahs und der Politik plädiert dieses Papier für ein Gespräch zwischen der staatlichen Politik und der gelebten Realität der Madrassahs in einem demokratischen Rahmen.
Literaturhinweise
Ahmad, Mumtaz (2004). Madrassa education in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Satu P. Limaye, Robert G. Wirsing & Mohan Malik (Eds.), Religious radicalism and security in South Asia (pp. 101–116). Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
Alam, Arshad (2011). Inside a Madrassah: Knowledge, Power and Islamic Identity in India. Routledge.
Al Hussain, Abdullah (2018). State, Qawmi Madrasas and Children in Bangladesh: From a Social Protection Perspective. International Institute of Social Studies.
Al Rashidi (2007). Deeni Madaris ke baarey men Paanch Sawalat (Five Questions related to the Deeni Madaris). In Al Rashidi & Abu Ammar Zahid (Eds.), Deeni Madaris ka Nisab-o-Nizam: Naqd-o-Nazar ke aainey men (The Curriculum and organisation of Islamic Madrassas: through the mirror of insight and criticality). Darul Kitab.
Angeles, Leonora C. & Aijazi, Omer (2019). Revisiting the Madrassa Question in Pakistan: Worlding Lived Religion and Religious Education in Urban Spaces. Humanity & Society, 43(3), 295–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597618814878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597618814878
Asadullah, Mohammad N. & Chaudhury, Nazmul (2009). Holy alliances: public subsidies, Islamic high schools, and female schooling in Bangladesh. Education Economics, 17(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290903142593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290903142593
Asadullah, Mohammad N. & Chaudhury, Nazmul (2010). Religious Schools, Social Values, and Economic Attitudes: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 38(2), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.014
Basith, Mohammed A. (2003, August 30). Women allowed to train as muftis in city. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/women-allowed-to-train-as-muftis-in-city/articleshow/153652.cms
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Labour Force Survey 2022. Government of Bangladesh. https://webapps.ilo.org/surveyLib/index.php/catalog/8538
Bano, Masooda (2007). Beyond Politics: the Reality of a Deobandi Madrasa in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Studies, 18(1), 43–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etl043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etl043
Bano, Masooda (2009). Empowering Women: More Than One Way? HAGAR Studies in Culture, Polity & Identities, 9(1), 5–23.
Bano, Masooda (2010). Female madrasas in Pakistan: a response to modernity. International Development Department, University of Birmingham.
Bhuyan, Mohammad H. R. (2021). Casualisation of Labour as Coping with Cyclone Aila: Peasants' Perception in the Sundarbans Area of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 42(1 & 2), 77–128. https://doi.org/10.57138/JURL7372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.57138/JURL7372
Borker, Hem (2018). Madrasas and the Making of Islamic Womanhood. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199484225.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199484225.001.0001
Butt, Riazat (2009, May 14). All-female madrasas boom in Pakistan. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/14/pakistan-madrassahs-islam-girls-women
Candland, Christopher (2005). Pakistan‘s Recent Experience in Reforming Islamic Education. In R. M. Hathway (Ed.), Education Reform in Pakistan: Building for the Future. Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Chaudhry, B. (2005). Bringing Madrasas at par with Modern Schools. In M.K. Jalazai (Ed.) The Crisis of Education in Pakistan: State Policies and Textbooks. Lahore: Al-Abbas International.
Cheema, Abdur R. (2022). The Role of Mosque in Building Resilient Communities: Widening Development Agendas. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7600-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7600-0
Fahimuddin (2004). Modernization of Muslim education in India. Adhyayan.
Gayer, Laurent (2012). Safe and Sound: Searching for a ‘Good Environment’ in Abul Fazl Enclave, Delhi. In Laurent Gayer & Christophe Jaffrelot (Eds.), Muslims in Indian cities: trajectories of marginalisation (pp. 213–236). Noida: Harper Collins Publishers India.
Gilani, Maulana (1943). Pak-o-Hind men Musalmanon ka nizam-e taleem-o-tarbiyat. Jamal Printing Press.
Government of India (2006). Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India. Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat.
Habermas, Jürgen (2006). Religion in the Public Sphere. European Journal of Philosophy, 14(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x
Hymes, Dell (2013). Sociolinguistics and the Ethnography of Speaking. In Edwin Ardener (Ed.), Social Anthropology and Language (pp. 47–93). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315017617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315017617
Iqbal, Abdul R. (2015). Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan: A Historical Analysis. Journal of Educational Studies and Development, 22(3), 4–58.
Kaur, Kuldip (1990). Madrasa education in India: a study of its past and present. Chandigarh: Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development.
Looney, Robert (2003). Reforming Pakistan’s Educational System: The Challenge of the Madrassas. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 28(3), 257–274.
Mazhari, Waris (2005). Reforming Madrasa curriculum. In Akhtarul Wasey (Ed.), Madrasas in India: Trying to be Relevant (pp. 37–49). New Delhi: Global Media Publications.
Maîtrot, Mathilde, Wood, Geof & Devine, Joe (2021). Understanding resilience: Lessons from lived experiences of extreme poverty in Bangladesh. Development Policy Review, 39(6), 894–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12543
Menon, Kalyani D. (2022). Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760587.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760587.001.0001
Ministry of Human Resource Development (2014). Scheme to Provide Quality Education in Madrasas (SPQEM). Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/20upload_document/SPQEM-scheme.pdf
Nair, Padmaja (2009). The State and madrasas in India. International Development Department, University of Birmingham.
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (2007). Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector. Dolphin Printo Graphics.
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration [NIEPA] (2018). Evaluation of the implementation of the scheme for providing quality education in Madrasas (SPQEM). National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration.
Rajagopal, Krishnadas (2024, September 11). Madrasas ‘unfit’ for proper education, child rights panel tells Supreme Court. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madrasas-unfit-places-for-children-to-receive-proper-education-ncpcr-submits-in-supreme-court/article68629355.ece
Riaz, Ali (2008). Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia. Rutgers University Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/6078
Said, Edward W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
Sanyal, Usha (2020). Scholars of Faith: South Asian Muslim Women and the Embodiment of Religious Knowledge. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120801.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120801.001.0001
Siddiqui, Justice M.S. A. (2007). Report of the Commission for introducing modern education in madrassahs and for setting up a Central Madrassah Board. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Sikand, Yoginder (2005). Bastions of the believers: madrasas and Islamic education in India. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
Singer, Peter W. (2001). Pakistan’s Madrassahs: Ensuring a System of Education Not Jihad. Brookings Institute Analysis Paper.
Talib, Mohammad (2018). Islamic Education in India. In Holger Daun & Reza Arjmand (Eds.), Handbook of Islamic Education (pp. 713–729). Cham: Springer Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64683-1_41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64683-1_41
Talib, Mohammad (2022). Does the Religious Education have a Future in 21th Century? An Anthropologist on the Continued Relevance of Islamic Education. In Yusuf Alpaydin & Cihad Demirli (Eds.), Educational Theory in the 21st Century. Science, Technology, Society and Education (pp. 119–139). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_6
TOI News Desk (2024, October 12). Child rights panel NCPCR advises states to stop funding madrasas. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/child-rights-panel-ncpcr-advises-states-to-stop-funding-madrasas/articleshow/114165396.cms
O'Dea, Thomas F. (1966). The Sociology of Religion. Prentice-Hall.
Wani, Ayjaz & Kidwai, Rasheed (2021, April 1). Locating the Madrasa in 21st-Century India (Issue Brief No. 455). Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/research/locating-the-madrasa-in-21st-century-india
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2001). Philosophical Investigations (50th Anniversary Commemorative Edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
Zaman, Muhammad Q. (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Zitationsvorschlag
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Lizenz
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Talib, Hem Borker
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
